Environmental management began in earnest around 1970 as a direct result of environmental catastrophes and governmental reaction to those catastrophes. In many countries, environmental regulations that focus on control of environmentally damaging emissions to air, discharges to water, and disposal of hazardous wastes were instituted in an effort to prevent future environmental catastrophes and to limit toxic releases to the environment. Regulations, however, too often had the effect of placing a ceiling on environmental performance.
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